The use of Portsmouth as a naval port, however, has also necessitated man-made defences to further protect the city in the past, and in the latter half of the nineteenth century the Palmerston Forts were constructed. The forts were never used as intended as the threat from France dissipated soon after the ring of defensive fortifications was completed but anti-aircraft emplacements were added during World War II and some of the forts were given over to secure bunkers during the Cold War. The eastmost of the forts, Fort Purbrook, is often used as a location for craft fairs these days and it was to one of these that we went in October 2006 during which the following photos were taken looking in all directions from the brick walls.